Tamoxifen(Nolvadex) is a non-steroidal agent that demonstrates potent anti estrogenic properties. The drug is technically an estrogen agonist/antagonist, which competitively binds to estrogen receptors in various target tissues. With the tamoxifen molecule bound to this receptor, estrogen is blocked from exerting any action, and an anti estrogenic effect is achieved.

As discussed earlier in this book, an enzyme in the male body (aromatase) is capable of altering testosterone to form estradiol. The structure of estrogen is actually quite similar to testosterone, so its presence in the male body is not all that remarkable. Since this same enzyme can also aromatize many anabolic/androgenic steroids, the buildup of estrogens can be an important concern during intake. High levels can cause a number of unwanted side effects, a primary worry being gynecomastia or the development of female breast tissue in men. This can be first noticed by the appearance of swelling or a small lump under the nipple. If left to progress it can turn into a very unsightly development of tissue, often an irreversible occurrence without surgery. Estrogen can also lead to an increase in the level of water retained in the body. The result here can be a notable loss of definition, the muscles beginning to look smooth and bloated due to the retention of subcutaneous fluid. Fat storage may also be increased as estrogen levels rise. This hormone is in fact the primary reason women have a higher body fat percentage, and different fat distribution (hips/thighs) than men. Individuals sensitive to the effects of estrogen will usually be sure to have an antiestrogen on hand when taking problematic steroids, so as to minimize the impact of related side effects. It is also of note that when estrogen and body fat levels are normal, administering Tamoxifen(Nolvadex) (both Men and Women) can increase the look of hardness and definition the muscles.

This drug also shows the ability to increase production of FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone) in the male body. This is accomplished by blocking negative feedback inhibition caused by estrogen at the hypothalamus and pituitary, which fosters the release of the mentioned pituitary hormones. This of course is also the function of Clomid®. Since a higher release of LH can stimulate the Leydig's cells in the testes to produce more testosterone, Tamoxifen(Nolvadex) can have a positive impact on one's serum testosterone level. This "testosterone stimulating" effect is an added benefit when preparing to conclude a steroid cycle. Since most anabolic/androgenic steroids will suppress endogenous testosterone production, Tamoxifen  can help restore a balance in hormone levels. Nolvadex® should be preferred over Clomid® for this purpose in fact, as side by side it is clearly the stronger agent.

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